generalised_newtonian_refineable_navier_stokes_elements.cc

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 #include "generalised_newtonian_refineable_navier_stokes_elements.h"



namespace oomph
{







//===================================================================
/// Compute the diagonal of the velocity/pressure mass matrices.
/// If which one=0, both are computed, otherwise only the pressure 
/// (which_one=1) or the velocity mass matrix (which_one=2 -- the 
/// LSC version of the preconditioner only needs that one)
//===================================================================
 template<unsigned DIM>
 void RefineableGeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::
 get_pressure_and_velocity_mass_matrix_diagonal(
  Vector<double> &press_mass_diag, Vector<double> &veloc_mass_diag,
  const unsigned& which_one)
 {
  
  // Resize and initialise
  unsigned n_dof=ndof();

  if ((which_one==0)||(which_one==1)) press_mass_diag.assign(n_dof,0.0);   
  if ((which_one==0)||(which_one==2)) veloc_mass_diag.assign(n_dof,0.0);

  //Pointers to hang info object
  HangInfo *hang_info_pt=0;
  
  //Number of master nodes and weight for shape fcts
  unsigned n_master=1;
  double hang_weight=1.0;

  // find out how many nodes there are
  unsigned n_node = nnode();
  
  //Set up memory for veloc shape functions
  Shape psi(n_node);
  
  //Find number of pressure dofs
  unsigned n_pres = this->npres_nst();

  // Pressure shape function
  Shape psi_p(n_pres);

  // Local coordinates
  Vector<double> s(DIM);

  // find the indices at which the local velocities are stored
  Vector<unsigned> u_nodal_index(DIM);
  for(unsigned i=0; i<DIM; i++)
   {
    u_nodal_index[i] = this->u_index_nst(i);
   }
  
  // Which nodal value represents the pressure? (Negative if pressure
  // is not based on nodal interpolation).
  int p_index = this->p_nodal_index_nst();
  
  // Local array of booleans that are true if the l-th pressure value is
  // hanging (avoid repeated virtual function calls)
  bool pressure_dof_is_hanging[n_pres];

  //If the pressure is stored at a node
  if(p_index >= 0)
   {
    //Read out whether the pressure is hanging
    for(unsigned l=0;l<n_pres;++l)
     {
      pressure_dof_is_hanging[l] = 
       pressure_node_pt(l)->is_hanging(p_index);
     }
   }
  //Otherwise the pressure is not stored at a node and so cannot hang
  else
   {
    for(unsigned l=0;l<n_pres;++l)
     {pressure_dof_is_hanging[l] = false;}
   }
  
  
  //Number of integration points
  unsigned n_intpt = integral_pt()->nweight();
  
  //Integer to store the local equations no
  int local_eqn=0;
  
  //Loop over the integration points
  for(unsigned ipt=0; ipt<n_intpt; ipt++)
   {
    
    //Get the integral weight
    double w = integral_pt()->weight(ipt);

    //Get determinant of Jacobian of the mapping
    double J = J_eulerian_at_knot(ipt);
    
    //Assign values of s
    for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
     {
      s[i] = integral_pt()->knot(ipt,i);
     }

    //Premultiply weights and Jacobian
    double W = w*J;



    // Do we want the velocity one?
    if ((which_one==0)||(which_one==2))
     {
      
      //Get the velocity shape functions
      shape_at_knot(ipt,psi);
      
      
      //Number of master nodes and storage for the weight of the shape function
      unsigned n_master=1; double hang_weight=1.0;
      
      //Loop over the nodes for the test functions/equations
      //----------------------------------------------------
      for(unsigned l=0;l<n_node;l++)
       {
        //Local boolean to indicate whether the node is hanging
        bool is_node_hanging = node_pt(l)->is_hanging();
        
        //If the node is hanging
        if(is_node_hanging)
         {
          hang_info_pt = node_pt(l)->hanging_pt();
          
          //Read out number of master nodes from hanging data
          n_master = hang_info_pt->nmaster();
         }
        //Otherwise the node is its own master
        else
         {
          n_master = 1;
         }
        
        //Loop over the master nodes
        for(unsigned m=0;m<n_master;m++)
         {
          // Loop over velocity components for equations
          for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
           {
            //Get the equation number
            //If the node is hanging
            if(is_node_hanging)
             {
              //Get the equation number from the master node
              local_eqn = this->local_hang_eqn(hang_info_pt->master_node_pt(m),
                                               u_nodal_index[i]);
              //Get the hang weight from the master node
              hang_weight = hang_info_pt->master_weight(m);
             }
            //If the node is not hanging
            else
             {
              // Local equation number
              local_eqn = this->nodal_local_eqn(l,u_nodal_index[i]);
              
              // Node contributes with full weight
              hang_weight = 1.0;
             }
            
            //If it's not a boundary condition...
            if(local_eqn>= 0)
             {
              
//       //Loop over the veclocity shape functions
//       for(unsigned l=0; l<n_node; l++)
//        {
//         //Loop over the velocity components
//         for(unsigned i=0; i<DIM; i++)
//          {
//           local_eqn = nodal_local_eqn(l,u_nodal_index[i]);
          
//           //If not a boundary condition
//           if(local_eqn >= 0)
//            {


              
              //Add the contribution
              veloc_mass_diag[local_eqn] += pow(psi[l]*hang_weight,2)*W;
             } 
           }
         }
       } 
     }
    
    // Do we want the pressure one?
    if ((which_one==0)||(which_one==1))
     {
      //Get the pressure shape functions
      this->pshape_nst(s,psi_p);
      
      //Loop over the pressure shape functions
      for(unsigned l=0;l<n_pres;l++)
       {
        //If the pressure dof is hanging
        if(pressure_dof_is_hanging[l])
         {
          // Pressure dof is hanging so it must be nodal-based
          // Get the hang info object
          hang_info_pt = this->pressure_node_pt(l)->hanging_pt(p_index);
          
          //Get the number of master nodes from the pressure node
          n_master = hang_info_pt->nmaster();
         }
        //Otherwise the node is its own master
        else
         {
          n_master = 1;
         }
        
        //Loop over the master nodes
        for(unsigned m=0;m<n_master;m++)
         {
          //Get the number of the unknown
          //If the pressure dof is hanging
          if(pressure_dof_is_hanging[l])
           {
            //Get the local equation from the master node
            local_eqn = 
             this->local_hang_eqn(hang_info_pt->master_node_pt(m),p_index);
            //Get the weight for the node
            hang_weight = hang_info_pt->master_weight(m);
           }
          else
           {
            local_eqn = this->p_local_eqn(l);
            hang_weight = 1.0;
           }
          
          //If the equation is not pinned
          if(local_eqn >= 0)
           {
            
//       //Loop over the veclocity shape functions
//       for(unsigned l=0; l<n_pres; l++)
//        {
//         // Get equation number
//         local_eqn = p_local_eqn(l);
            
//         //If not a boundary condition
//         if(local_eqn >= 0)
//          {
            
            
            //Add the contribution
            press_mass_diag[local_eqn] += pow(psi_p[l]*hang_weight,2) * W;
           } 
         }
       }
      
     }
   }
 }



//========================================================================
/// Add element's contribution to the elemental 
/// residual vector and/or Jacobian matrix.
/// flag=1: compute both
/// flag=0: compute only residual vector
//========================================================================
template<unsigned DIM>
 void RefineableGeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::
fill_in_generic_residual_contribution_nst(Vector<double> &residuals, 
                                          DenseMatrix<double> &jacobian, 
                                          DenseMatrix<double> &mass_matrix,
                                          unsigned flag)
{
//Find out how many nodes there are
unsigned n_node = nnode();

// Get continuous time from timestepper of first node
double time=node_pt(0)->time_stepper_pt()->time_pt()->time();
  
//Find out how many pressure dofs there are
unsigned n_pres = this->npres_nst();

// Get the indices at which the velocity components are stored
 unsigned u_nodal_index[DIM];
 for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++) {u_nodal_index[i] = this->u_index_nst(i);}
 
// Which nodal value represents the pressure? (Negative if pressure
// is not based on nodal interpolation).
int p_index = this->p_nodal_index_nst();

// Local array of booleans that are true if the l-th pressure value is
// hanging (avoid repeated virtual function calls)
 bool pressure_dof_is_hanging[n_pres];
 //If the pressure is stored at a node
 if(p_index >= 0)
  {
   //Read out whether the pressure is hanging
   for(unsigned l=0;l<n_pres;++l)
    {
     pressure_dof_is_hanging[l] = 
      pressure_node_pt(l)->is_hanging(p_index);
    }
  }
 //Otherwise the pressure is not stored at a node and so cannot hang
 else
  {
   for(unsigned l=0;l<n_pres;++l)
    {pressure_dof_is_hanging[l] = false;}
  }

//Set up memory for the shape and test functions
Shape psif(n_node), testf(n_node);
DShape dpsifdx(n_node,DIM), dtestfdx(n_node,DIM);


//Set up memory for pressure shape and test functions
Shape psip(n_pres), testp(n_pres);

//Set the value of n_intpt
unsigned n_intpt = integral_pt()->nweight();

//Set the Vector to hold local coordinates
Vector<double> s(DIM);

//Get Physical Variables from Element
//Reynolds number must be multiplied by the density ratio
double scaled_re = this->re()*this->density_ratio();
double scaled_re_st = this->re_st()*this->density_ratio();
double scaled_re_inv_fr = this->re_invfr()*this->density_ratio();
double visc_ratio = this->viscosity_ratio();
Vector<double> G = this->g();

//Integers that store the local equations and unknowns
int local_eqn=0, local_unknown=0;

//Pointers to hang info objects
 HangInfo *hang_info_pt=0, *hang_info2_pt=0;

//Local boolean for ALE (or not)
 bool ALE_is_disabled_flag = this->ALE_is_disabled;

//Loop over the integration points
for(unsigned ipt=0;ipt<n_intpt;ipt++)
{
 
 //Assign values of s
 for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++) {s[i] = integral_pt()->knot(ipt,i);}
 
 //Get the integral weight
 double w = integral_pt()->weight(ipt);
 
 //Call the derivatives of the shape and test functions
 double J = 
  this->dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(ipt,psif,dpsifdx,testf,dtestfdx);
 
 //Call the pressure shape and test functions
 this->pshape_nst(s,psip,testp);
 
 //Premultiply the weights and the Jacobian
 double W = w*J;
 
 //Calculate local values of the pressure and velocity components
 //--------------------------------------------------------------
 double interpolated_p=0.0;
 Vector<double> interpolated_u(DIM,0.0);
 Vector<double> interpolated_x(DIM,0.0);
 Vector<double> mesh_veloc(DIM,0.0);
 Vector<double> dudt(DIM,0.0);
 DenseMatrix<double> interpolated_dudx(DIM,DIM,0.0);
 
 //Calculate pressure
 for(unsigned l=0;l<n_pres;l++) {interpolated_p += this->p_nst(l)*psip[l];}
 
 
 //Calculate velocities and derivatives
 
 // Loop over nodes
 for(unsigned l=0;l<n_node;l++) 
  {   
   //Loop over directions
   for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
    {
     //Get the nodal value
     double u_value = this->nodal_value(l,u_nodal_index[i]);
     interpolated_u[i] += u_value*psif[l];
     interpolated_x[i] += this->nodal_position(l,i)*psif[l];
     dudt[i] += this->du_dt_nst(l,i)*psif[l];
     
     //Loop over derivative directions for velocity gradients
     for(unsigned j=0;j<DIM;j++)
      {                               
       interpolated_dudx(i,j) += u_value*dpsifdx(l,j);
      }
    }
  }       
 
 if (!ALE_is_disabled_flag)
  {
   // Loop over nodes
   for(unsigned l=0;l<n_node;l++)
    {
     //Loop over directions
     for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
      {
       mesh_veloc[i] += this->dnodal_position_dt(l,i)*psif[l];
      }
    }       
  }
       
 // The strainrate used to compute the second invariant
 DenseMatrix<double> strainrate_to_compute_second_invariant(DIM,DIM,0.0);
 
 // the strainrate used to calculate the second invariant
 // can be either the current one or the one extrapolated from
 // previous velocity values
 if(!this->Use_extrapolated_strainrate_to_compute_second_invariant)
  {
   this->strain_rate(s,strainrate_to_compute_second_invariant);
  }
 else
  {   
   this->extrapolated_strain_rate(ipt,strainrate_to_compute_second_invariant);
  }
 
   // Calculate the second invariant
 double second_invariant=SecondInvariantHelper::second_invariant(
  strainrate_to_compute_second_invariant);
 
 // Get the viscosity according to the constitutive equation
 double viscosity=this->Constitutive_eqn_pt->viscosity(second_invariant);
 
 //Get the user-defined body force terms
 Vector<double> body_force(DIM);
 this->get_body_force_nst(time,ipt,s,interpolated_x,body_force);
 
 //Get the user-defined source function
 double source = this->get_source_nst(time,ipt,interpolated_x);

 // The generalised Newtonian viscosity differentiated w.r.t.
 // the unknown velocities
 DenseMatrix<double> dviscosity_dunknown(DIM,n_node,0.0);
 
 if(!this->Use_extrapolated_strainrate_to_compute_second_invariant)
  {
   // Calculate the derivate of the viscosity w.r.t. the second invariant
   double dviscosity_dsecond_invariant=
    this->Constitutive_eqn_pt->dviscosity_dinvariant(second_invariant);
   
   // calculate the strainrate
   DenseMatrix<double> strainrate(DIM,DIM,0.0);
   this->strain_rate(s,strainrate);
   
   // pre-compute the derivative of the second invariant w.r.t. the
   // entries in the rate of strain tensor
   DenseMatrix<double> dinvariant_dstrainrate(DIM,DIM,0.0);
   
   // setting up a Kronecker Delta matrix, which has ones at the diagonal
   // and zeros off-diagonally
   DenseMatrix<double> kroneckerdelta(DIM,DIM,0.0);
   
   for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
    {
     for(unsigned j=0;j<DIM;j++)
      {
       if(i==j)
        {
         // Set the diagonal entries of the Kronecker delta
         kroneckerdelta(i,i)=1.0;
         
         double tmp=0.0;
         for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
          {
           if(k!=i)
            {
             tmp+=strainrate(k,k);
            }
          }
         dinvariant_dstrainrate(i,i)=tmp;
        }
       else
        {
         dinvariant_dstrainrate(i,j)=-strainrate(j,i);
        }
      }
    }
   
   // a rank four tensor storing the derivative of the strainrate
   // w.r.t. the unknowns
   RankFourTensor<double> dstrainrate_dunknown(DIM,DIM,DIM,n_node);
   
   // loop over the nodes
   for(unsigned l=0;l<n_node;l++)
    {
     // loop over the velocity components
     for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
      {
       // loop over the entries of the rate of strain tensor
       for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
        {
         for(unsigned j=0;j<DIM;j++)
          {
           // initialise the entry to zero
           dstrainrate_dunknown(i,j,k,l)=0.0;
           
           // loop over velocities and directions
           for(unsigned m=0;m<DIM;m++)
            {
             for(unsigned n=0;n<DIM;n++)
              {
               dstrainrate_dunknown(i,j,k,l)+=
                0.5*(kroneckerdelta(i,m)*kroneckerdelta(j,n)+
                     kroneckerdelta(i,n)*kroneckerdelta(j,m))*
                kroneckerdelta(m,k)*dpsifdx(l,n);
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }

   // Now calculate the derivative of the viscosity w.r.t. the unknowns
   // loop over the nodes
   for(unsigned l=0;l<n_node;l++)
    {
     // loop over the velocities
     for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
      {
       // loop over the entries in the rate of strain tensor
       for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
        {
         for(unsigned j=0;j<DIM;j++)
          {
           dviscosity_dunknown(k,l)+=dviscosity_dsecond_invariant*
            dinvariant_dstrainrate(i,j)*dstrainrate_dunknown(i,j,k,l);
          }
        }
      }
    }
   
  }

 
 //MOMENTUM EQUATIONS
 //==================

 //Number of master nodes and storage for the weight of the shape function
 unsigned n_master=1; double hang_weight=1.0;

 //Loop over the nodes for the test functions/equations
 //----------------------------------------------------
 for(unsigned l=0;l<n_node;l++)
  {
   //Local boolean to indicate whether the node is hanging
   bool is_node_hanging = node_pt(l)->is_hanging();

   //If the node is hanging
   if(is_node_hanging)
    {
     hang_info_pt = node_pt(l)->hanging_pt();

     //Read out number of master nodes from hanging data
     n_master = hang_info_pt->nmaster();
    }
   //Otherwise the node is its own master
   else
    {
     n_master = 1;
    }
   
   //Loop over the master nodes
   for(unsigned m=0;m<n_master;m++)
    {
     // Loop over velocity components for equations
     for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
      {
       //Get the equation number
       //If the node is hanging
       if(is_node_hanging)
        {
         //Get the equation number from the master node
         local_eqn = this->local_hang_eqn(hang_info_pt->master_node_pt(m),
                                          u_nodal_index[i]);
         //Get the hang weight from the master node
         hang_weight = hang_info_pt->master_weight(m);
        }
       //If the node is not hanging
       else
        {
         // Local equation number
         local_eqn = this->nodal_local_eqn(l,u_nodal_index[i]);

         // Node contributes with full weight
         hang_weight = 1.0;
        }
       
       //If it's not a boundary condition...
       if(local_eqn>= 0)
        {
         //Temporary variable to hold the residuals
         double sum=0.0;
         
         //Add the user-defined body force terms
         sum += body_force[i];
         
         //Add the gravitational body force term
         sum += scaled_re_inv_fr*G[i];
         
         //Add in the inertial term
         sum -= scaled_re_st*dudt[i];
         
         //Convective terms, including mesh velocity
         for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
          {
           double tmp=scaled_re*interpolated_u[k];
           if (!ALE_is_disabled_flag) 
            {tmp -= scaled_re_st*mesh_veloc[k];}
           sum -= tmp*interpolated_dudx(i,k);
          }
         
         //Add the pressure gradient term
         // Potentially pre-multiply by viscosity ratio
         if(this->Pre_multiply_by_viscosity_ratio)
          {
           sum = visc_ratio*viscosity*
            (sum*testf[l] + interpolated_p*dtestfdx(l,i))*W*hang_weight;
          }
         else
          {
           sum = (sum*testf[l] + interpolated_p*dtestfdx(l,i))*W*hang_weight;
          }

         //Add in the stress tensor terms
         //The viscosity ratio needs to go in here to ensure
         //continuity of normal stress is satisfied even in flows
         //with zero pressure gradient!
         for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
          {
           sum -= visc_ratio*viscosity*
            (interpolated_dudx(i,k) + this->Gamma[i]*interpolated_dudx(k,i))
            *dtestfdx(l,k)*W*hang_weight;
          }
         
         // Add contribution
         residuals[local_eqn] += sum;
         
         //CALCULATE THE JACOBIAN
         if(flag)
          {
           //Number of master nodes and weights
           unsigned n_master2=1; double hang_weight2=1.0;
           //Loop over the velocity nodes for columns
           for(unsigned l2=0;l2<n_node;l2++)
            {
             //Local boolean to indicate whether the node is hanging
             bool is_node2_hanging = node_pt(l2)->is_hanging();
             
             //If the node is hanging
             if(is_node2_hanging)
              {
               hang_info2_pt = node_pt(l2)->hanging_pt();
               //Read out number of master nodes from hanging data
               n_master2 = hang_info2_pt->nmaster();
              }
             //Otherwise the node is its own master
             else
              {
               n_master2 = 1;
              }
             
             //Loop over the master nodes
             for(unsigned m2=0;m2<n_master2;m2++)
              {
               //Loop over the velocity components
               for(unsigned i2=0;i2<DIM;i2++)
                {
                 //Get the number of the unknown
                 //If the node is hanging
                 if(is_node2_hanging)
                  {
                   //Get the equation number from the master node
                   local_unknown = 
                    this->local_hang_eqn(hang_info2_pt->master_node_pt(m2),
                                         u_nodal_index[i2]);
                   //Get the hang weights
                   hang_weight2 = hang_info2_pt->master_weight(m2);
                  }
                 else
                  {
                   local_unknown = this->nodal_local_eqn(l2,u_nodal_index[i2]);
                   hang_weight2 = 1.0;
                  }
                 
                 // If the unknown is non-zero
                 if(local_unknown >= 0)
                  {
                   //Add contribution to Elemental Matrix
                   jacobian(local_eqn,local_unknown)
                    -= visc_ratio*viscosity*this->Gamma[i]*dpsifdx(l2,i)*
                    dtestfdx(l,i2)*W*hang_weight*hang_weight2;
                   
                   //Now add in the inertial terms
                   jacobian(local_eqn,local_unknown)
                    -= scaled_re*psif[l2]*interpolated_dudx(i,i2)*testf[l]*W*
                    hang_weight*hang_weight2;
                   
                   if(!this->
                      Use_extrapolated_strainrate_to_compute_second_invariant)
                    {
                     for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
                      { 
                       jacobian(local_eqn,local_unknown) -= 
                        visc_ratio*dviscosity_dunknown(i2,l2)*
                        (interpolated_dudx(i,k) + 
                         this->Gamma[i]*interpolated_dudx(k,i))
                        *dtestfdx(l,k)*W*hang_weight*hang_weight2;
                      }
                    }

                   //Extra diagonal components if i2=i
                   if(i2 == i)
                    {
                     //Mass matrix entries
                     //Again note the positive sign because the mass
                     //matrix is taken on the other side of the equation
                     if(flag==2)
                      {
                       mass_matrix(local_eqn,local_unknown) +=
                        scaled_re_st*psif[l2]*testf[l]*W*
                        hang_weight*hang_weight2;
                      }
                        
                     // du/dt term
                     jacobian(local_eqn,local_unknown)
                      -= scaled_re_st*
                      node_pt(l2)->time_stepper_pt()->weight(1,0)*
                      psif[l2]*testf[l]*W*hang_weight*hang_weight2;

                     //Extra advective terms
                     for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
                      {
                       double tmp=scaled_re*interpolated_u[k];
                       if (!ALE_is_disabled_flag) 
                        {tmp -= scaled_re_st*mesh_veloc[k];}
                       
                       jacobian(local_eqn,local_unknown) -=
                        tmp*dpsifdx(l2,k)*testf[l]*W*hang_weight*hang_weight2;
                      }

                     // Extra viscous terms
                     for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
                      {
                       jacobian(local_eqn,local_unknown)
                        -= visc_ratio*viscosity*dpsifdx(l2,k)*
                        dtestfdx(l,k)*W*hang_weight*hang_weight2;
                      }
                     
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
           
           //Loop over the pressure shape functions
           for(unsigned l2=0;l2<n_pres;l2++)
            {
             //If the pressure dof is hanging
             if(pressure_dof_is_hanging[l2])
              {
               hang_info2_pt = 
                this->pressure_node_pt(l2)->hanging_pt(p_index);
               // Pressure dof is hanging so it must be nodal-based
               //Get the number of master nodes from the pressure node
               n_master2 =  hang_info2_pt->nmaster();
              }
             //Otherwise the node is its own master
             else
              {
               n_master2 = 1;
              }
             
             //Loop over the master nodes
             for(unsigned m2=0;m2<n_master2;m2++)
              {
               //Get the number of the unknown
               //If the pressure dof is hanging
               if(pressure_dof_is_hanging[l2])
                {
                 //Get the unknown from the master node
                 local_unknown = 
                  this->local_hang_eqn(hang_info2_pt->master_node_pt(m2),
                                       p_index);
                 //Get the weight from the hanging object
                 hang_weight2 = hang_info2_pt->master_weight(m2);
                }
               else
                {
                 local_unknown = this->p_local_eqn(l2);
                 hang_weight2 = 1.0;
                }
               
               //If the unknown is not pinned
               if(local_unknown >= 0)
                {
                 if(this->Pre_multiply_by_viscosity_ratio)
                  {
                   jacobian(local_eqn,local_unknown)
                    += visc_ratio*viscosity*
                    psip[l2]*dtestfdx(l,i)*W*hang_weight*hang_weight2;
                  }
                 else
                  {
                   jacobian(local_eqn,local_unknown)
                    += psip[l2]*dtestfdx(l,i)*W*hang_weight*hang_weight2;
                  }
                }
              }
            }
           
          }// End of Jacobian calculation
         
        } //End of if not boundary condition statement
       
      } //End of loop over components of non-hanging node
     
    } //End of loop over master nodes

  } // End of loop over nodes for equations
 
 
 
 //CONTINUITY EQUATION
 //===================
 
 //Loop over the pressure shape functions
 for(unsigned l=0;l<n_pres;l++)
  {
   //If the pressure dof is hanging
   if(pressure_dof_is_hanging[l])
    {
     // Pressure dof is hanging so it must be nodal-based
     // Get the hang info object
     hang_info_pt = this->pressure_node_pt(l)->hanging_pt(p_index);

     //Get the number of master nodes from the pressure node
     n_master = hang_info_pt->nmaster();
    }
   //Otherwise the node is its own master
   else
    {
     n_master = 1;
    }
   
   //Loop over the master nodes
   for(unsigned m=0;m<n_master;m++)
    {
     //Get the number of the unknown
     //If the pressure dof is hanging
     if(pressure_dof_is_hanging[l])
      {
       //Get the local equation from the master node
       local_eqn = 
        this->local_hang_eqn(hang_info_pt->master_node_pt(m),p_index);
       //Get the weight for the node
       hang_weight = hang_info_pt->master_weight(m);
      }
     else
      {
       local_eqn = this->p_local_eqn(l);
       hang_weight = 1.0;
      }

     //If the equation is not pinned
     if(local_eqn >= 0)
      {
       // Source term
       residuals[local_eqn] -= source*testp[l]*W*hang_weight;
       
       // Loop over velocity components
       for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
        {
         // Potentially pre-multiply by viscosity ratio
         if(this->Pre_multiply_by_viscosity_ratio)
          {
           residuals[local_eqn] += visc_ratio*viscosity*
            interpolated_dudx(k,k)*testp[l]*W*hang_weight;
          }
         else
          {
           residuals[local_eqn] += 
            interpolated_dudx(k,k)*testp[l]*W*hang_weight;
          }
        }
       
       //CALCULATE THE JACOBIAN
       if(flag)
        {
         unsigned n_master2=1; double hang_weight2=1.0;
         //Loop over the velocity nodes for columns
         for(unsigned l2=0;l2<n_node;l2++)
          {
           //Local boolean to indicate whether the node is hanging
           bool is_node2_hanging = node_pt(l2)->is_hanging();

           //If the node is hanging
           if(is_node2_hanging)
            {
             hang_info2_pt = node_pt(l2)->hanging_pt();
             //Read out number of master nodes from hanging data
             n_master2 = hang_info2_pt->nmaster();
            }
           //Otherwise the node is its own master
           else
            {
             n_master2 = 1;
            }
           
           //Loop over the master nodes
           for(unsigned m2=0;m2<n_master2;m2++)
            {
             //Loop over the velocity components
             for(unsigned i2=0;i2<DIM;i2++)
              {
               //Get the number of the unknown
               //If the node is hanging
               if(is_node2_hanging)
                {
                 //Get the equation number from the master node
                 local_unknown = 
                  this->local_hang_eqn(hang_info2_pt->master_node_pt(m2),
                                       u_nodal_index[i2]);
                  hang_weight2 = hang_info2_pt->master_weight(m2);
                }
               else
                {
                 local_unknown = this->nodal_local_eqn(l2,u_nodal_index[i2]);
                 hang_weight2 = 1.0;
                }
                 
               //If the unknown is not pinned
               if(local_unknown >= 0)
                {
                 if(this->Pre_multiply_by_viscosity_ratio)
                  {
                   jacobian(local_eqn,local_unknown)+= visc_ratio*viscosity*
                    dpsifdx(l2,i2)*testp[l]*W*hang_weight*hang_weight2;
                  }
                 else
                  {
                   jacobian(local_eqn,local_unknown)
                    += dpsifdx(l2,i2)*testp[l]*W*hang_weight*hang_weight2;
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }

         // NO PRESSURE CONTRIBUTION TO THE JACOBIAN

        } //End of jacobian calculation
      }
    }
  } //End of loop over pressure variables

} //End of loop over integration points
}




//======================================================================
/// Compute derivatives of elemental residual vector with respect
/// to nodal coordinates. 
/// dresidual_dnodal_coordinates(l,i,j) = d res(l) / dX_{ij}
/// Overloads the FD-based version in the FE base class.
//======================================================================
template <unsigned DIM>
void RefineableGeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::
get_dresidual_dnodal_coordinates(RankThreeTensor<double>&
                                 dresidual_dnodal_coordinates)
{
 // Return immediately if there are no dofs
 if(ndof()==0) { return; }

 // Determine number of nodes in element
 const unsigned n_node = nnode();
 
 // Get continuous time from timestepper of first node
 double time=node_pt(0)->time_stepper_pt()->time_pt()->time();
  
 // Determine number of pressure dofs in element
 const unsigned n_pres = this->npres_nst();

 // Find the indices at which the local velocities are stored
 unsigned u_nodal_index[DIM];
 for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++) { u_nodal_index[i] = this->u_index_nst(i); }
 
 // Which nodal value represents the pressure? (Negative if pressure
 // is not based on nodal interpolation).
 const int p_index = this->p_nodal_index_nst();
 
 // Local array of booleans that are true if the l-th pressure value is
 // hanging (avoid repeated virtual function calls)
 bool pressure_dof_is_hanging[n_pres];

 // If the pressure is stored at a node
 if(p_index >= 0)
  {
   // Read out whether the pressure is hanging
   for(unsigned l=0;l<n_pres;++l)
    {
     pressure_dof_is_hanging[l] = 
      pressure_node_pt(l)->is_hanging(p_index);
    }
  }
 // Otherwise the pressure is not stored at a node and so cannot hang
 else
  {
   for(unsigned l=0;l<n_pres;++l) { pressure_dof_is_hanging[l] = false; }
  }
 
 // Set up memory for the shape and test functions
 Shape psif(n_node), testf(n_node);
 DShape dpsifdx(n_node,DIM), dtestfdx(n_node,DIM);

 // Set up memory for pressure shape and test functions
 Shape psip(n_pres), testp(n_pres);

 // Determine number of shape controlling nodes 
 const unsigned n_shape_controlling_node = nshape_controlling_nodes();

 // Deriatives of shape fct derivatives w.r.t. nodal coords
 RankFourTensor<double> d_dpsifdx_dX(DIM,n_shape_controlling_node,n_node,DIM);
 RankFourTensor<double> d_dtestfdx_dX(DIM,n_shape_controlling_node,n_node,DIM);

 // Derivative of Jacobian of mapping w.r.t. to nodal coords
 DenseMatrix<double> dJ_dX(DIM,n_shape_controlling_node);

 // Derivatives of derivative of u w.r.t. nodal coords
 RankFourTensor<double> d_dudx_dX(DIM,n_shape_controlling_node,DIM,DIM);

 // Derivatives of nodal velocities w.r.t. nodal coords:
 // Assumption: Interaction only local via no-slip so 
 // X_ij only affects U_ij.
 DenseMatrix<double> d_U_dX(DIM,n_shape_controlling_node,0.0);

 // Determine the number of integration points
 const unsigned n_intpt = integral_pt()->nweight();
   
 // Vector to hold local coordinates
 Vector<double> s(DIM);

 // Get physical variables from element
 // (Reynolds number must be multiplied by the density ratio)
 double scaled_re = this->re()*this->density_ratio();
 double scaled_re_st = this->re_st()*this->density_ratio();
 double scaled_re_inv_fr = this->re_invfr()*this->density_ratio();
 double visc_ratio = this->viscosity_ratio();
 Vector<double> G = this->g();
 
 // FD step 
 double eps_fd = GeneralisedElement::Default_fd_jacobian_step;
   
 // Pre-compute derivatives of nodal velocities w.r.t. nodal coords:
 // Assumption: Interaction only local via no-slip so 
 // X_ij only affects U_ij.
 bool element_has_node_with_aux_node_update_fct=false;

 std::map<Node*,unsigned> local_shape_controlling_node_lookup= 
  shape_controlling_node_lookup();
 
 // FD loop over shape-controlling nodes
 for(std::map<Node*,unsigned>::iterator it=
      local_shape_controlling_node_lookup.begin();
     it!=local_shape_controlling_node_lookup.end();
     it++)
  {  
   // Get node
   Node* nod_pt=it->first;
   
   // Get its number
   unsigned q=it->second;
   
   // Only compute if there's a node-update fct involved
   if(nod_pt->has_auxiliary_node_update_fct_pt())
    {
     element_has_node_with_aux_node_update_fct=true;
     
     // Current nodal velocity
     Vector<double> u_ref(DIM);
     for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
      {
       u_ref[i]=*(nod_pt->value_pt(u_nodal_index[i]));
      }
     
     // FD
     for(unsigned p=0;p<DIM;p++)
      {
       // Make backup
       double backup=nod_pt->x(p);
       
       // Do FD step. No node update required as we're
       // attacking the coordinate directly...
       nod_pt->x(p)+=eps_fd;
       
       // Do auxiliary node update (to apply no slip)
       nod_pt->perform_auxiliary_node_update_fct();
       
       // Evaluate
       d_U_dX(p,q)=(*(nod_pt->value_pt(u_nodal_index[p]))-u_ref[p])/eps_fd;
       
       // Reset 
       nod_pt->x(p)=backup;
       
       // Do auxiliary node update (to apply no slip)
       nod_pt->perform_auxiliary_node_update_fct();
      }
    }
  }

 // Integer to store the local equation number
 int local_eqn=0;

 // Pointers to hang info object
 HangInfo *hang_info_pt=0;

 // Loop over the integration points
 for(unsigned ipt=0;ipt<n_intpt;ipt++)
  {
   // Assign values of s
   for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++) { s[i] = integral_pt()->knot(ipt,i); }

   // Get the integral weight
   const double w = integral_pt()->weight(ipt);
   
   // Call the derivatives of the shape and test functions
   const double J = this->dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(
    ipt,psif,dpsifdx,d_dpsifdx_dX,testf,dtestfdx,d_dtestfdx_dX,dJ_dX);
   
   // Call the pressure shape and test functions
   this->pshape_nst(s,psip,testp);
   
   // Calculate local values of the pressure and velocity components
   // Allocate
   double interpolated_p=0.0;
   Vector<double> interpolated_u(DIM,0.0);
   Vector<double> interpolated_x(DIM,0.0);
   Vector<double> mesh_velocity(DIM,0.0);
   Vector<double> dudt(DIM,0.0);
   DenseMatrix<double> interpolated_dudx(DIM,DIM,0.0);    

   // Calculate pressure
   for(unsigned l=0;l<n_pres;l++) { interpolated_p += this->p_nst(l)*psip[l]; }
   
   // Calculate velocities and derivatives:

   // Loop over nodes
   for(unsigned l=0;l<n_node;l++) 
    {
     // Loop over directions
     for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
      {
       // Get the nodal value
       const double u_value = nodal_value(l,u_nodal_index[i]);
       interpolated_u[i] += u_value*psif[l];
       interpolated_x[i] += nodal_position(l,i)*psif[l];
       dudt[i] += this->du_dt_nst(l,i)*psif[l];
       
       // Loop over derivative directions
       for(unsigned j=0;j<DIM;j++)
        {                               
         interpolated_dudx(i,j) += u_value*dpsifdx(l,j);
        }
      }
    }

   if(!this->ALE_is_disabled)
    {
     // Loop over nodes
     for(unsigned l=0;l<n_node;l++) 
      {
       // Loop over directions
       for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
        {
         mesh_velocity[i] += this->dnodal_position_dt(l,i)*psif[l];
        }
      }
    }

   // Calculate derivative of du_i/dx_k w.r.t. nodal positions X_{pq}

   // Loop over shape-controlling nodes
   for(unsigned q=0;q<n_shape_controlling_node;q++)
    {     
     // Loop over coordinate directions
     for(unsigned p=0;p<DIM;p++)
      {
       for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
        {
         for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
          {
           double aux=0.0;
           for(unsigned j=0;j<n_node;j++)
            {
             aux += nodal_value(j,u_nodal_index[i])*d_dpsifdx_dX(p,q,j,k);
            }
           d_dudx_dX(p,q,i,k) = aux;
          }
        }
      }
    }

   // Get weight of actual nodal position/value in computation of mesh
   // velocity from positional/value time stepper
   const double pos_time_weight
    = node_pt(0)->position_time_stepper_pt()->weight(1,0);
   const double val_time_weight = node_pt(0)->time_stepper_pt()->weight(1,0);

   // Get the user-defined body force terms
   Vector<double> body_force(DIM);
   this->get_body_force_nst(time,ipt,s,interpolated_x,body_force);
   
   // Get the user-defined source function
   const double source = this->get_source_nst(time,ipt,interpolated_x);

   // Get gradient of body force function
   DenseMatrix<double> d_body_force_dx(DIM,DIM,0.0);
   this->get_body_force_gradient_nst(time,ipt,s,
                                     interpolated_x, d_body_force_dx);

   // Get gradient of source function
   Vector<double> source_gradient(DIM,0.0);
   this->get_source_gradient_nst(time,ipt,interpolated_x, source_gradient);


   // Assemble shape derivatives
   //---------------------------

   // MOMENTUM EQUATIONS
   // ------------------
   
   // Number of master nodes and storage for the weight of the shape function
   unsigned n_master=1; double hang_weight=1.0;

   // Loop over the test functions
   for(unsigned l=0;l<n_node;l++)
    {

     // Local boolean to indicate whether the node is hanging
     bool is_node_hanging = node_pt(l)->is_hanging();
     
     // If the node is hanging
     if(is_node_hanging)
      {
       hang_info_pt = node_pt(l)->hanging_pt();
       
       // Read out number of master nodes from hanging data
       n_master = hang_info_pt->nmaster();
      }
     // Otherwise the node is its own master
     else
      {
       n_master = 1;
      }
     
     // Loop over the master nodes
     for(unsigned m=0;m<n_master;m++)
      {
       
       // Loop over coordinate directions
       for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
        {
         
         // Get the equation number
         // If the node is hanging
         if(is_node_hanging)
          {
           // Get the equation number from the master node
           local_eqn = this->local_hang_eqn(hang_info_pt->master_node_pt(m),
                                            u_nodal_index[i]);
           // Get the hang weight from the master node
           hang_weight = hang_info_pt->master_weight(m);
          }
         // If the node is not hanging
         else
          {
           // Local equation number
           local_eqn = this->nodal_local_eqn(l,u_nodal_index[i]);
           
           // Node contributes with full weight
           hang_weight = 1.0;
          }
         
         // IF it's not a boundary condition
         if(local_eqn >= 0)
          {
           // Loop over coordinate directions
           for (unsigned p=0;p<DIM;p++)
            {              
             // Loop over shape controlling nodes
             for (unsigned q=0;q<n_shape_controlling_node;q++)
              {       
               // Residual x deriv of Jacobian
               // ----------------------------
               
               //Add the user-defined body force terms
               double sum = body_force[i]*testf[l];
               
               // Add the gravitational body force term
               sum += scaled_re_inv_fr*testf[l]*G[i];
               
               // Add the pressure gradient term
               sum  += interpolated_p*dtestfdx(l,i);
               
               // Add in the stress tensor terms
               // The viscosity ratio needs to go in here to ensure
               // continuity of normal stress is satisfied even in flows
               // with zero pressure gradient!
               for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
                {
                 sum -= visc_ratio*
                  (interpolated_dudx(i,k) + 
                   this->Gamma[i]*interpolated_dudx(k,i))*dtestfdx(l,k);
                }
               
               // Add in the inertial terms

               // du/dt term
               sum -= scaled_re_st*dudt[i]*testf[l];
               
               // Convective terms, including mesh velocity
               for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
                {
                 double tmp=scaled_re*interpolated_u[k];
                 if (!this->ALE_is_disabled)
                  {
                   tmp-=scaled_re_st*mesh_velocity[k];
                  }
                 sum -= tmp*interpolated_dudx(i,k)*testf[l];
                }
               
               // Multiply throsugh by deriv of Jacobian and integration weight
               dresidual_dnodal_coordinates(local_eqn,p,q)+=
                sum*dJ_dX(p,q)*w*hang_weight;
             
               // Derivative of residual x Jacobian
               // ---------------------------------
               
               // Body force
               sum=d_body_force_dx(i,p)*psif(q)*testf(l);
               
               // Pressure gradient term
               sum += interpolated_p*d_dtestfdx_dX(p,q,l,i);
               
               // Viscous term
               for (unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
                {
                 sum -= visc_ratio*(
                  (interpolated_dudx(i,k)+
                   this->Gamma[i]*interpolated_dudx(k,i))
                  *d_dtestfdx_dX(p,q,l,k)+                
                  (d_dudx_dX(p,q,i,k) + 
                   this->Gamma[i]*d_dudx_dX(p,q,k,i))
                  *dtestfdx(l,k));
                }
               
               // Convective terms, including mesh velocity
               for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
                {
                 double tmp=scaled_re*interpolated_u[k];
                 if (!this->ALE_is_disabled)
                  {
                   tmp-=scaled_re_st*mesh_velocity[k];
                  }
                 sum -= tmp*d_dudx_dX(p,q,i,k)*testf(l);
                }
               if(!this->ALE_is_disabled)
                {
                 sum+=scaled_re_st*pos_time_weight*
                  psif(q)*interpolated_dudx(i,p)*testf(l);
                }
               
               // Multiply through by Jacobian and integration weight
               dresidual_dnodal_coordinates(local_eqn,p,q)+=
                sum*J*w*hang_weight;
               
              } // End of loop over shape controlling nodes q
            } // End of loop over coordinate directions p
             
           

           // Derivs w.r.t. to nodal velocities
           // ---------------------------------
           if(element_has_node_with_aux_node_update_fct)
            {
             // Loop over local nodes
             for (unsigned q_local=0;q_local<n_node;q_local++)
              {
               
               // Number of master nodes and storage for the weight of 
               // the shape function
               unsigned n_master2=1; 
               double hang_weight2=1.0;
               HangInfo* hang_info2_pt=0;
               
               // Local boolean to indicate whether the node is hanging
               bool is_node_hanging2 = node_pt(q_local)->is_hanging();
               
               Node* actual_shape_controlling_node_pt=node_pt(q_local);

               // If the node is hanging
               if(is_node_hanging2)
                {
                 hang_info2_pt = node_pt(q_local)->hanging_pt();
                 
                 // Read out number of master nodes from hanging data
                 n_master2 = hang_info2_pt->nmaster();
                }
               // Otherwise the node is its own master
               else
                {
                 n_master2 = 1;
                }
               
               // Loop over the master nodes
               for(unsigned mm=0;mm<n_master2;mm++)
                {                 

                 if(is_node_hanging2)
                  {
                   actual_shape_controlling_node_pt=
                    hang_info2_pt->master_node_pt(mm);
                   hang_weight2 = hang_info2_pt->master_weight(mm);
                  }

                 // Find the corresponding number
                 unsigned q=local_shape_controlling_node_lookup[
                  actual_shape_controlling_node_pt];

                 // Loop over coordinate directions
                 for(unsigned p=0;p<DIM;p++)
                  {
                   double sum=
                    -visc_ratio*this->Gamma[i]*dpsifdx(q_local,i)*
                    dtestfdx(l,p)
                    -scaled_re*psif(q_local)*interpolated_dudx(i,p)*testf(l);
                   if (i==p)
                    {
                     sum-=scaled_re_st*val_time_weight*psif(q_local)*testf(l);
                     for (unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
                      {
                       sum-=visc_ratio*dpsifdx(q_local,k)*dtestfdx(l,k);
                       double tmp=scaled_re*interpolated_u[k];
                       if (!this->ALE_is_disabled)
                        {
                         tmp-=scaled_re_st*mesh_velocity[k];
                        }
                       sum-=tmp*dpsifdx(q_local,k)*testf(l); 
                      }
                    }

                   dresidual_dnodal_coordinates(local_eqn,p,q)+=
                    sum*d_U_dX(p,q)*J*w*hang_weight*hang_weight2; 
                  }
                } // End of loop over master nodes
              } // End of loop over local nodes
            } // End of if(element_has_node_with_aux_node_update_fct)


          } // local_eqn>=0
        }
      }
    } // End of loop over test functions
   
   
   // CONTINUITY EQUATION
   // -------------------
   
   // Loop over the shape functions
   for(unsigned l=0;l<n_pres;l++)
    {
     
     // If the pressure dof is hanging
     if(pressure_dof_is_hanging[l])
      {
       // Pressure dof is hanging so it must be nodal-based
       // Get the hang info object
       hang_info_pt = this->pressure_node_pt(l)->hanging_pt(p_index);
       
       // Get the number of master nodes from the pressure node
       n_master = hang_info_pt->nmaster();
      }
     // Otherwise the node is its own master
     else
      {
       n_master = 1;
      }
     
     // Loop over the master nodes
     for(unsigned m=0;m<n_master;m++)
      {
       // Get the number of the unknown
       // If the pressure dof is hanging
       if(pressure_dof_is_hanging[l])
        {
         // Get the local equation from the master node
         local_eqn = 
          this->local_hang_eqn(hang_info_pt->master_node_pt(m),p_index);
         // Get the weight for the node
         hang_weight = hang_info_pt->master_weight(m);
        }
       else
        {
         local_eqn = this->p_local_eqn(l);
         hang_weight = 1.0;
        }
       
       // If not a boundary conditions
       if(local_eqn >= 0)
        {
         // Loop over coordinate directions
         for (unsigned p=0;p<DIM;p++)
          {              
           // Loop over nodes
           for (unsigned q=0;q<n_shape_controlling_node;q++)
            {       
             
             // Residual x deriv of Jacobian
             //-----------------------------
             
             // Source term
             double aux=-source;
             
             // Loop over velocity components
             for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
              {
               aux += interpolated_dudx(k,k);
              }
             
             // Multiply through by deriv of Jacobian and integration weight
             dresidual_dnodal_coordinates(local_eqn,p,q)+=
              aux*dJ_dX(p,q)*testp[l]*w*hang_weight;


             // Derivative of residual x Jacobian
             // ---------------------------------          
             
             // Loop over velocity components
             aux=-source_gradient[p]*psif(q);
             for(unsigned k=0;k<DIM;k++)
              {
               aux += d_dudx_dX(p,q,k,k);
              }
             // Multiply through by Jacobian and integration weight
             dresidual_dnodal_coordinates(local_eqn,p,q)+=
              aux*testp[l]*J*w*hang_weight;
            }
          }
        
         
         
         // Derivs w.r.t. to nodal velocities
         // ---------------------------------
         if(element_has_node_with_aux_node_update_fct)
          {
           // Loop over local nodes
           for(unsigned q_local=0;q_local<n_node;q_local++)
            {
             
             // Number of master nodes and storage for the weight of 
             // the shape function
             unsigned n_master2=1; 
             double hang_weight2=1.0;
             HangInfo* hang_info2_pt=0;
             
             // Local boolean to indicate whether the node is hanging
             bool is_node_hanging2 = node_pt(q_local)->is_hanging();
             
             Node* actual_shape_controlling_node_pt=node_pt(q_local);
             
             // If the node is hanging
             if(is_node_hanging2)
              {
               hang_info2_pt = node_pt(q_local)->hanging_pt();
               
               // Read out number of master nodes from hanging data
               n_master2 = hang_info2_pt->nmaster();
              }
             // Otherwise the node is its own master
             else
              {
               n_master2 = 1;
              }
             
             // Loop over the master nodes
             for(unsigned mm=0;mm<n_master2;mm++)
              {                 
               
               if(is_node_hanging2)
                {
                 actual_shape_controlling_node_pt=
                  hang_info2_pt->master_node_pt(mm);
                 hang_weight2 = hang_info2_pt->master_weight(mm);
                }
               
               // Find the corresponding number
               unsigned q=local_shape_controlling_node_lookup[
                actual_shape_controlling_node_pt];
               
               // Loop over coordinate directions
               for(unsigned p=0;p<DIM;p++)
                {
                 double aux=dpsifdx(q_local,p)*testp(l);
                 dresidual_dnodal_coordinates(local_eqn,p,q)+=
                  aux*d_U_dX(p,q)*J*w*hang_weight*hang_weight2;
                }
              } // End of loop over (mm) master nodes
            } // End of loop over local nodes q_local
          } // End of if(element_has_node_with_aux_node_update_fct)
        } // End of if it's not a boundary condition
      } // End of loop over (m) master nodes
    } // End of loop over shape functions for continuity eqn

 } // End of loop over integration points
}   

//======================================================================
/// 2D Further build for Crouzeix_Raviart interpolates the internal 
/// pressure dofs from father element: Make sure pressure values and 
/// dp/ds agree between fathers and sons at the midpoints of the son 
/// elements.
//======================================================================
template<>
void PRefineableGeneralisedNewtonianQCrouzeixRaviartElement<2>::further_build()
{
 if (this->tree_pt()->father_pt()!=0)
  {
   //Call the generic further build (if there is a father)
   RefineableGeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<2>::further_build();
  }
 // Now do the PRefineableQElement further_build()
 PRefineableQElement<2,3>::further_build();
 
 // Resize internal pressure storage
 if (this->internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->nvalue()
       <= this->npres_nst())
  {
   this->internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)
       ->resize(this->npres_nst());
  }
 else
  {
   Data* new_data_pt = new Data(this->npres_nst());
   delete internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index);
   internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index) = new_data_pt;
  }
 
 if(this->tree_pt()->father_pt()!=0)
  {
   // Pointer to my father (in C-R element impersonation)
   PRefineableGeneralisedNewtonianQCrouzeixRaviartElement<2>* father_element_pt=
    dynamic_cast<PRefineableGeneralisedNewtonianQCrouzeixRaviartElement<2>*>
      (quadtree_pt()->father_pt()->object_pt());
   
   // If element has same p-order as father then do the projection problem
   // (called after h-refinement)
   if(father_element_pt->p_order()==this->p_order())
    {
     using namespace QuadTreeNames;
     
     // What type of son am I? Ask my quadtree representation...
     int son_type=quadtree_pt()->son_type();
     
     Vector<double> s_father(2);
     
     // Son midpoint is located at the following coordinates in father element:
     switch(son_type)
      {
     case SW:
       // South west son
       s_father[0]=-0.5;
       s_father[1]=-0.5;
       break;
     case SE:
       // South east son
       s_father[0]= 0.5;
       s_father[1]=-0.5;
       break;
     case NE:
       // North east son
       s_father[0]= 0.5;
       s_father[1]= 0.5;
       break;
     case NW:
       // North west son
       s_father[0]=-0.5;
       s_father[1]= 0.5;
       break;
     default:
       throw OomphLibError(
        "Invalid son type in",
        OOMPH_CURRENT_FUNCTION,
        OOMPH_EXCEPTION_LOCATION);
       break;
      }
     
     // Get pressure value in father element
     double press=father_element_pt->interpolated_p_nst(s_father);
     
     // Reset all pressures to zero
     for(unsigned p=0; p<this->npres_nst(); p++)
      {
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(p,0.0); 
      }
     
     // Set pressure values from father (BENFLAG: projection problem hack)
     if(this->npres_nst()==1)
      {
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(0,press); 
      }
     else if(this->npres_nst()==3)
      {
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(0,press);
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(1,press);
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(2,press);
      }
     else
      {
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(0,press);
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(1,press);
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(2,press);
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(3,press);
      }
    }// Otherwise this is called after p-refinement
  }
}

//======================================================================
/// 2D Further build for Crouzeix_Raviart interpolates the internal 
/// pressure dofs from father element: Make sure pressure values and 
/// dp/ds agree between fathers and sons at the midpoints of the son 
/// elements.
//======================================================================
template<>
void PRefineableGeneralisedNewtonianQCrouzeixRaviartElement<3>::further_build()
{
 if (this->tree_pt()->father_pt()!=0)
  {
   //Call the generic further build (if there is a father)
   RefineableGeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<3>::further_build();
  }
 // Now do the PRefineableQElement further_build()
 PRefineableQElement<3,3>::further_build();
 
 // Resize internal pressure storage
 if (this->internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->nvalue()
       <= this->npres_nst())
  {
   this->internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)
       ->resize(this->npres_nst());
  }
 else
  {
   Data* new_data_pt = new Data(this->npres_nst());
   delete internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index);
   internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index) = new_data_pt;
  }
 
 if(this->tree_pt()->father_pt()!=0)
  {
   // Pointer to my father (in C-R element impersonation)
   PRefineableGeneralisedNewtonianQCrouzeixRaviartElement<3>* father_element_pt=
    dynamic_cast<PRefineableGeneralisedNewtonianQCrouzeixRaviartElement<3>*>
      (octree_pt()->father_pt()->object_pt());
   
   // If element has same p-order as father then do the projection problem
   // (called after h-refinement)
   if(father_element_pt->p_order()==this->p_order())
    {
     using namespace OcTreeNames;
     
     // What type of son am I? Ask my quadtree representation...
     int son_type=octree_pt()->son_type();
     
     Vector<double> s_father(3);
     
 
     // Son midpoint is located at the following coordinates in father element:
     for(unsigned i=0;i<3;i++)
      {
       s_father[i]=0.5*OcTree::Direction_to_vector[son_type][i];
      }
     
     // Get pressure value in father element
     double press=father_element_pt->interpolated_p_nst(s_father);
     
     // Reset all pressures to zero
     for(unsigned p=0; p<this->npres_nst(); p++)
      {
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(p,0.0); 
      }
     
     // Set pressure values from father (BENFLAG: projection problem hack)
     if(this->npres_nst()==1)
      {
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(0,press); 
      }
     else
      {
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(0,press);
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(1,press);
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(2,press);
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(3,press);
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(4,press);
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(5,press);
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(6,press);
       internal_data_pt(this->P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(7,press);
      }
    }// Otherwise this is called after p-refinement
  }
}

     

//====================================================================
//// Force build of templates
//====================================================================
template class RefineableGeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<2>;
template class RefineableGeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<3>;
template class RefineableGeneralisedNewtonianQTaylorHoodElement<2>;
template class RefineableGeneralisedNewtonianQTaylorHoodElement<3>;
template class RefineableGeneralisedNewtonianQCrouzeixRaviartElement<2>;
template class RefineableGeneralisedNewtonianQCrouzeixRaviartElement<3>;
template class PRefineableGeneralisedNewtonianQCrouzeixRaviartElement<2>;
template class PRefineableGeneralisedNewtonianQCrouzeixRaviartElement<3>;
}