generalised_newtonian_Tnavier_stokes_elements.h

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//Header file for triangular/tetrahedaral Navier Stokes elements

#ifndef OOMPH_GENERALISED_NEWTONIAN_TNAVIER_STOKES_ELEMENTS_HEADER
#define OOMPH_GENERALISED_NEWTONIAN_TNAVIER_STOKES_ELEMENTS_HEADER

// Config header generated by autoconfig
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <oomph-lib-config.h>
#endif


//OOMPH-LIB headers 
#include "../generic/Telements.h"
#include "generalised_newtonian_navier_stokes_elements.h"
#include "../generic/error_estimator.h"

namespace oomph
{

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// NOTE: TRI/TET CROZIER RAVIARTS REQUIRE BUBBLE FUNCTIONS! THEY'RE NOT
// STRAIGHTFORWARD GENERALISATIONS OF THE Q-EQUIVALENTS (WHICH ARE
// LBB UNSTABLE!)
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


//==========================================================================
///TCrouzeix_Raviart elements are Navier--Stokes elements with quadratic
///interpolation for velocities and positions enriched by a single cubic
///bubble function, but a discontinuous linear
///pressure interpolation
//==========================================================================
template <unsigned DIM>
class GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement : 
 public virtual TBubbleEnrichedElement<DIM,3>,
 public virtual GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>,
 public virtual ElementWithZ2ErrorEstimator
{
 protected:


 /// Internal index that indicates at which internal datum the pressure is
 /// stored
 unsigned P_nst_internal_index;

 
 /// \short Velocity shape and test functions and their derivs
 /// w.r.t. to global coords  at local coordinate s (taken from geometry)
 ///Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
 inline double dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double> &s, 
                                             Shape &psi,
                                             DShape &dpsidx, Shape &test,
                                             DShape &dtestdx) const;
 
 /// \short Velocity shape and test functions and their derivs
 /// w.r.t. to global coords at ipt-th integation point (taken from geometry)
 ///Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
 inline double dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(const unsigned &ipt,
                                                 Shape &psi,
                                                 DShape &dpsidx, Shape &test,
                                                 DShape &dtestdx) const;

 /// \short Shape/test functions and derivs w.r.t. to global coords at 
 /// integration point ipt; return Jacobian of mapping (J). Also compute
 /// derivatives of dpsidx, dtestdx and J w.r.t. nodal coordinates.
 inline double dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(
  const unsigned &ipt, 
  Shape &psi, 
  DShape &dpsidx,
  RankFourTensor<double> &d_dpsidx_dX,
  Shape &test, 
  DShape &dtestdx,
  RankFourTensor<double> &d_dtestdx_dX,
  DenseMatrix<double> &djacobian_dX) const;

 /// \short Pressure shape and test functions and their derivs 
 /// w.r.t. to global coords  at local coordinate s (taken from geometry)
 /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
 inline double dpshape_and_dptest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double> &s, 
                                               Shape &ppsi, 
                                               DShape &dppsidx, 
                                               Shape &ptest, 
                                               DShape &dptestdx) const;
 
public:

 /// Pressure shape functions at local coordinate s
 inline void pshape_nst(const Vector<double> &s, Shape &psi) const;

 /// Pressure shape and test functions at local coordinte s
 inline void pshape_nst(const Vector<double> &s, Shape &psi, Shape &test) 
  const;

 /// Unpin all internal pressure dofs
 void unpin_all_internal_pressure_dofs();

 /// Return the local equation numbers for the pressure values.
 inline int p_local_eqn(const unsigned &n) const
  {return this->internal_local_eqn(P_nst_internal_index,n);}
 
public:
 
 /// Constructor, there are DIM+1 internal values (for the pressure)
 GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement() : 
 TBubbleEnrichedElement<DIM,3>(), 
  GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>()
  {
   //Allocate and a single internal datum with DIM+1 entries for the
   //pressure
   P_nst_internal_index = this->add_internal_data(new Data(DIM+1));
  }

 /// Broken copy constructor
 GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement(
  const GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<DIM>& dummy) 
  { 
   BrokenCopy::broken_copy("GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement");
  } 
 
 /// Broken assignment operator
//Commented out broken assignment operator because this can lead to a conflict warning
//when used in the virtual inheritence hierarchy. Essentially the compiler doesn't
//realise that two separate implementations of the broken function are the same and so,
//quite rightly, it shouts.
 /*void operator=(const GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<DIM>&) 
  {
   BrokenCopy::broken_assign("GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement");
   }*/


 /// \short Number of values (pinned or dofs) required at local node n.
 inline virtual unsigned required_nvalue(const unsigned &n) const
  {return DIM;}
  
 
 /// \short Return the pressure values at internal dof i_internal
 /// (Discontinous pressure interpolation -- no need to cater for hanging
 /// nodes).
 double p_nst(const unsigned &i) const
  {return this->internal_data_pt(P_nst_internal_index)->value(i);}

 /// \short Return the pressure values at internal dof i_internal
 /// (Discontinous pressure interpolation -- no need to cater for hanging
 /// nodes).
 double p_nst(const unsigned &t, const unsigned &i) const
 {return this->internal_data_pt(P_nst_internal_index)->value(t,i);}

 /// Return number of pressure values
 unsigned npres_nst() const {return DIM+1;}

 /// Pin p_dof-th pressure dof and set it to value specified by p_value.
 void fix_pressure(const unsigned &p_dof, const double &p_value)
  {
   this->internal_data_pt(P_nst_internal_index)->pin(p_dof);
   this->internal_data_pt(P_nst_internal_index)->set_value(p_dof, p_value);
  }

 
 /// \short Add to the set paired_load_data
 /// pairs of pointers to data objects and unsignedegers that
 /// index the values in the data object that affect the load (traction),
 /// as specified in the get_load() function.
 void identify_load_data(std::set<std::pair<Data*,unsigned> > 
                         &paired_load_data);

 /// \short  Add to the set \c paired_pressure_data pairs 
 /// containing
 /// - the pointer to a Data object
 /// and
 /// - the index of the value in that Data object
 /// .
 /// for all pressure values that affect the
 /// load computed in the \c get_load(...) function.
 void identify_pressure_data(
  std::set<std::pair<Data*,unsigned> > &paired_pressure_data);

 /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
 void output(std::ostream &outfile) 
  {GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(outfile);}
 
 /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
 void output(std::ostream &outfile, const unsigned &nplot)
  {GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(outfile,nplot);}
 
 /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
 void output(FILE* file_pt) 
 {GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(file_pt);}
 
 /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
 void output(FILE* file_pt, const unsigned &n_plot)
  {GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(file_pt,n_plot);}
 

 /// \short Order of recovery shape functions for Z2 error estimation:
 /// Same order as unenriched shape functions.
 unsigned nrecovery_order() {return 2;}
 
 /// \short Number of vertex nodes in the element
 unsigned nvertex_node() const
 {return DIM+1;}
 
 /// \short Pointer to the j-th vertex node in the element
 Node* vertex_node_pt(const unsigned& j) const
 {return node_pt(j);}
  
 /// Number of 'flux' terms for Z2 error estimation 
 unsigned num_Z2_flux_terms()
  {
   // DIM diagonal strain rates, DIM(DIM -1) /2 off diagonal rates
   return DIM + (DIM*(DIM-1))/2;
  }
 
 /// \short Get 'flux' for Z2 error recovery:   Upper triangular entries
 /// in strain rate tensor.
 void get_Z2_flux(const Vector<double>& s, Vector<double>& flux)
  {
#ifdef PARANOID
  unsigned num_entries=DIM+(DIM*(DIM-1))/2;
  if (flux.size() < num_entries)
   {
    std::ostringstream error_message;
    error_message << "The flux vector has the wrong number of entries, " 
                  << flux.size() << ", whereas it should be at least " 
                  << num_entries << std::endl;
    throw OomphLibError(error_message.str(),
                        OOMPH_CURRENT_FUNCTION,
                        OOMPH_EXCEPTION_LOCATION);
   }
#endif
  
  // Get strain rate matrix
  DenseMatrix<double> strainrate(DIM);
  this->strain_rate(s,strainrate);
  
  // Pack into flux Vector
  unsigned icount=0;
  
  // Start with diagonal terms
  for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
   {
    flux[icount]=strainrate(i,i);
    icount++;
   }
  
  //Off diagonals row by row
  for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
   {
    for(unsigned j=i+1;j<DIM;j++)
     {
      flux[icount]=strainrate(i,j);
      icount++;
     }
   }
 }
 

 
 /// \short Full output function:
 /// x,y,[z],u,v,[w],p,du/dt,dv/dt,[dw/dt],dissipation
 /// in tecplot format. Default number of plot points
 void full_output(std::ostream &outfile)
  {GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::full_output(outfile);}

 /// \short Full output function:
 /// x,y,[z],u,v,[w],p,du/dt,dv/dt,[dw/dt],dissipation
 /// in tecplot format. nplot points in each coordinate direction
 void full_output(std::ostream &outfile, const unsigned &nplot)
  {GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::full_output(outfile,nplot);}

/// \short The number of "DOF types" that degrees of freedom in this element
 /// are sub-divided into: Velocity and pressure.
 unsigned ndof_types() const
  {
   return DIM+1;
  }
 
 /// \short Create a list of pairs for all unknowns in this element,
 /// so that the first entry in each pair contains the global equation
 /// number of the unknown, while the second one contains the number
 /// of the "DOF types" that this unknown is associated with.
 /// (Function can obviously only be called if the equation numbering
 /// scheme has been set up.) Velocity=0; Pressure=1
 void get_dof_numbers_for_unknowns(
  std::list<std::pair<unsigned long,unsigned> >& dof_lookup_list) const;


};

//Inline functions

//=======================================================================
/// Derivatives of the shape functions and test functions w.r.t. to global
/// (Eulerian) coordinates. Return Jacobian of mapping between
/// local and global coordinates.
//=======================================================================
template<unsigned DIM>
inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<DIM>::
dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_nst(
 const Vector<double> &s, Shape &psi,
 DShape &dpsidx, Shape &test,
 DShape &dtestdx) const
{
 //Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives
 double J = this->dshape_eulerian(s,psi,dpsidx);
 //The test functions are equal to the shape functions
 test = psi;
 dtestdx = dpsidx;
 //Return the jacobian
 return J;
}


//=======================================================================
/// Derivatives of the shape functions and test functions w.r.t. to global
/// (Eulerian) coordinates. Return Jacobian of mapping between
/// local and global coordinates.
//=======================================================================
template<unsigned DIM>
inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<DIM>::
dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(
 const unsigned &ipt, Shape &psi,
 DShape &dpsidx, Shape &test,
 DShape &dtestdx) const
{
 //Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives
 double J = this->dshape_eulerian_at_knot(ipt,psi,dpsidx);
 //The test functions are the shape functions
 test = psi;
 dtestdx = dpsidx;
 //Return the jacobian
 return J;
}


//=======================================================================
/// 2D
/// Define the shape functions (psi) and test functions (test) and
/// their derivatives w.r.t. global coordinates (dpsidx and dtestdx)
/// and return Jacobian of mapping (J). Additionally compute the
/// derivatives of dpsidx, dtestdx and J w.r.t. nodal coordinates.
///
/// Galerkin: Test functions = shape functions
//=======================================================================
template<unsigned DIM>
inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<DIM>::
dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(
 const unsigned &ipt, Shape &psi, DShape &dpsidx,
 RankFourTensor<double> &d_dpsidx_dX,
 Shape &test, DShape &dtestdx,
 RankFourTensor<double> &d_dtestdx_dX,
 DenseMatrix<double> &djacobian_dX) const
 {
  // Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives  
  const double J = this->dshape_eulerian_at_knot(ipt,psi,dpsidx,
                                                 djacobian_dX,
                                                 d_dpsidx_dX);
  
  // Loop over the test functions and derivatives and set them equal to the
  // shape functions
  for(unsigned i=0;i<9;i++)
   {
    test[i] = psi[i];

    for(unsigned k=0;k<2;k++)
     {
      dtestdx(i,k) = dpsidx(i,k);

      for(unsigned p=0;p<2;p++)
       {
        for(unsigned q=0;q<9;q++)
         {
          d_dtestdx_dX(p,q,i,k) = d_dpsidx_dX(p,q,i,k);
         }
       }
     }
   }

  // Return the jacobian
  return J;
 }


//=======================================================================
/// 2D :
/// Pressure shape functions
//=======================================================================
template<>
inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<2>::
pshape_nst(
const Vector<double> &s,
Shape &psi) const
{
 psi[0] = 1.0;
 psi[1] = s[0];
 psi[2] = s[1];
}

//=======================================================================
/// Pressure shape and test functions
//=======================================================================
template<>
inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<2>::
pshape_nst(
const Vector<double> &s,
Shape &psi,
Shape &test) const
{
 //Call the pressure shape functions
 this->pshape_nst(s,psi);
 //The test functions are the shape functions
 test = psi;
}


//=======================================================================
/// 3D :
/// Pressure shape functions
//=======================================================================
template<>
inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<3>::
pshape_nst(
const Vector<double> &s,
Shape &psi)
const
{
 psi[0] = 1.0;
 psi[1] = s[0];
 psi[2] = s[1];
 psi[3] = s[2];
}


//=======================================================================
/// Pressure shape and test functions
//=======================================================================
template<>
inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<3>::
pshape_nst(
const Vector<double> &s,
Shape &psi,
Shape &test) const
{
 //Call the pressure shape functions
 this->pshape_nst(s,psi);
 //The test functions are the shape functions
 test = psi;
}


//==========================================================================
/// 2D :
/// Pressure shape and test functions and derivs w.r.t. to Eulerian coords.
/// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
//==========================================================================
template<>
 inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<2>::
dpshape_and_dptest_eulerian_nst(
 const Vector<double> &s, 
 Shape &ppsi, 
 DShape &dppsidx, 
 Shape &ptest, 
 DShape &dptestdx) const
 {

  // Initalise with shape fcts and derivs. w.r.t. to local coordinates
  ppsi[0] = 1.0;
  ppsi[1] = s[0];
  ppsi[2] = s[1];

  dppsidx(0,0) = 0.0;
  dppsidx(1,0) = 1.0;
  dppsidx(2,0) = 0.0;

  dppsidx(0,1) = 0.0;
  dppsidx(1,1) = 0.0;
  dppsidx(2,1) = 1.0;


  //Get the values of the shape functions and their local derivatives
  Shape psi(7);
  DShape dpsi(7,2);
  dshape_local(s,psi,dpsi);

  //Allocate memory for the inverse 2x2 jacobian
  DenseMatrix<double> inverse_jacobian(2);

  //Now calculate the inverse jacobian
  const double det = local_to_eulerian_mapping(dpsi,inverse_jacobian);
  
  //Now set the values of the derivatives to be derivs w.r.t. to the
  // Eulerian coordinates
  transform_derivatives(inverse_jacobian,dppsidx);
  
  //The test functions are equal to the shape functions
  ptest = ppsi;
  dptestdx = dppsidx;
  
  //Return the determinant of the jacobian
  return det;
 }



//==========================================================================
/// 3D :
/// Pressure shape and test functions and derivs w.r.t. to Eulerian coords.
/// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
//==========================================================================
template<>
 inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<3>::
dpshape_and_dptest_eulerian_nst(
 const Vector<double> &s, 
 Shape &ppsi, 
 DShape &dppsidx, 
 Shape &ptest, 
 DShape &dptestdx) const
 {

  // Initalise with shape fcts and derivs. w.r.t. to local coordinates
  ppsi[0] = 1.0;
  ppsi[1] = s[0];
  ppsi[2] = s[1];
  ppsi[3] = s[2];

  dppsidx(0,0) = 0.0;
  dppsidx(1,0) = 1.0;
  dppsidx(2,0) = 0.0;
  dppsidx(3,0) = 0.0;

  dppsidx(0,1) = 0.0;
  dppsidx(1,1) = 0.0;
  dppsidx(2,1) = 1.0;
  dppsidx(3,1) = 0.0;

  dppsidx(0,2) = 0.0;
  dppsidx(1,2) = 0.0;
  dppsidx(2,2) = 0.0;
  dppsidx(3,2) = 1.0;


  //Get the values of the shape functions and their local derivatives
  Shape psi(11);
  DShape dpsi(11,3);
  dshape_local(s,psi,dpsi);

  // Allocate memory for the inverse 3x3 jacobian
  DenseMatrix<double> inverse_jacobian(3);

  // Now calculate the inverse jacobian
  const double det = local_to_eulerian_mapping(dpsi,inverse_jacobian);
  
  // Now set the values of the derivatives to be derivs w.r.t. to the
  // Eulerian coordinates
  transform_derivatives(inverse_jacobian,dppsidx);
  
  //The test functions are equal to the shape functions
  ptest = ppsi;
  dptestdx = dppsidx;
  
  // Return the determinant of the jacobian
  return det;

 }


//=======================================================================
/// Face geometry of the 2D Crouzeix_Raviart elements
//=======================================================================
template<>
class FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<2> >: 
public virtual TElement<1,3>
{
public:
 FaceGeometry() : TElement<1,3>() {}
};

//=======================================================================
/// Face geometry of the 3D Crouzeix_Raviart elements
//=======================================================================
template<>
class FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<3> >: 
public virtual TBubbleEnrichedElement<2,3>
{
 
  public:
 FaceGeometry() : TBubbleEnrichedElement<2,3>() {}
};


//=======================================================================
/// Face geometry of the FaceGeometry of the 2D CrouzeixRaviart elements
//=======================================================================
template<>
class FaceGeometry<FaceGeometry<
 GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<2> > >: 
public virtual PointElement
{
  public:
 FaceGeometry() : PointElement() {}
};


//=======================================================================
/// Face geometry of the FaceGeometry of the 3D Crouzeix_Raviart elements
//=======================================================================
template<>
class FaceGeometry<FaceGeometry<
 GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<3> > >: 
public virtual TElement<1,3>
{
  public:
 FaceGeometry() : TElement<1,3>() {}
};



//=============================================================================
/// Create a list of pairs for all unknowns in this element,
/// so that the first entry in each pair contains the global equation
/// number of the unknown, while the second one contains the number
/// of the DOF that this unknown is associated with.
/// (Function can obviously only be called if the equation numbering
/// scheme has been set up.)
//=============================================================================
template<unsigned DIM>
void GeneralisedNewtonianTCrouzeixRaviartElement<DIM>::
get_dof_numbers_for_unknowns(
 std::list<std::pair<unsigned long,unsigned> >& dof_lookup_list) const
{
 // number of nodes
 unsigned n_node = this->nnode();
 
 // number of pressure values
 unsigned n_press = this->npres_nst();
 
 // temporary pair (used to store dof lookup prior to being added to list)
 std::pair<unsigned,unsigned> dof_lookup;
 
 // pressure dof number
 unsigned pressure_dof_number = DIM;

 // loop over the pressure values
 for (unsigned n = 0; n < n_press; n++)
  {
   // determine local eqn number
   int local_eqn_number = this->p_local_eqn(n);
   
   // ignore pinned values - far away degrees of freedom resulting 
   // from hanging nodes can be ignored since these are be dealt
   // with by the element containing their master nodes
   if (local_eqn_number >= 0)
    {
     // store dof lookup in temporary pair: First entry in pair
     // is global equation number; second entry is dof type
     dof_lookup.first = this->eqn_number(local_eqn_number);
     dof_lookup.second = pressure_dof_number;
     
     // add to list
     dof_lookup_list.push_front(dof_lookup);
    }
  }
 
 // loop over the nodes
 for (unsigned n = 0; n < n_node; n++)
  {
   // find the number of values at this node
   unsigned nv = this->node_pt(n)->nvalue();
   
   //loop over these values
   for (unsigned v = 0; v < nv; v++)
    {
     // determine local eqn number
     int local_eqn_number = this->nodal_local_eqn(n, v);
     
     // ignore pinned values
     if (local_eqn_number >= 0)
      {
       // store dof lookup in temporary pair: First entry in pair
       // is global equation number; second entry is dof type
       dof_lookup.first = this->eqn_number(local_eqn_number);
       dof_lookup.second = v;
       
       // add to list
       dof_lookup_list.push_front(dof_lookup);
       
      }
    }
  }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////



//=======================================================================
/// Taylor--Hood elements are Navier--Stokes elements
/// with quadratic interpolation for velocities and positions and
/// continous linear pressure interpolation
//=======================================================================
template <unsigned DIM>
class GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement : public virtual TElement<DIM,3>,
 public virtual GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>,
 public virtual ElementWithZ2ErrorEstimator

{
  private:
 
 /// Static array of ints to hold number of variables at node
 static const unsigned Initial_Nvalue[];
 
  protected:

 /// \short Static array of ints to hold conversion from pressure
 /// node numbers to actual node numbers
 static const unsigned Pconv[];
 
 /// \short Velocity shape and test functions and their derivs
 /// w.r.t. to global coords  at local coordinate s (taken from geometry)
 /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
 inline double dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double> &s, 
                                             Shape &psi,
                                             DShape &dpsidx, Shape &test,
                                             DShape &dtestdx) const;

 /// \short Velocity shape and test functions and their derivs
 /// w.r.t. to global coords  at local coordinate s (taken from geometry)
 /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
 inline double dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(const unsigned &ipt,
                                                     Shape &psi,
                                                     DShape &dpsidx, 
                                                     Shape &test,
                                                     DShape &dtestdx) const;
 
 /// \short Shape/test functions and derivs w.r.t. to global coords at 
 /// integration point ipt; return Jacobian of mapping (J). Also compute
 /// derivatives of dpsidx, dtestdx and J w.r.t. nodal coordinates.
 inline double dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(
  const unsigned &ipt, 
  Shape &psi, 
  DShape &dpsidx,
  RankFourTensor<double> &d_dpsidx_dX,
  Shape &test, 
  DShape &dtestdx,
  RankFourTensor<double> &d_dtestdx_dX,
  DenseMatrix<double> &djacobian_dX) const;

  /// \short Compute the pressure shape and test functions and derivatives 
 /// w.r.t. global coords at local coordinate s.
 /// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
 virtual double dpshape_and_dptest_eulerian_nst(const Vector<double> &s, 
                                                Shape &ppsi, 
                                                DShape &dppsidx, 
                                                Shape &ptest, 
                                                DShape &dptestdx) const;

 /// Unpin all pressure dofs
 void unpin_all_nodal_pressure_dofs();

 ///  Pin all nodal pressure dofs
 void pin_all_nodal_pressure_dofs();
   
 ///  Unpin the proper nodal pressure dofs
 void unpin_proper_nodal_pressure_dofs();


public:

 /// Constructor, no internal data points
 GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement() : TElement<DIM,3>(),  
  GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>() {}
 

 /// Broken copy constructor
 GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement(
  const GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<DIM>& dummy) 
  { 
   BrokenCopy::broken_copy("GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement");
  } 
 
 /// Broken assignment operator
 /*void operator=(const GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<DIM>&) 
  {
   BrokenCopy::broken_assign("GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement");
   }*/

 /// \short Number of values (pinned or dofs) required at node n. Can
 /// be overwritten for hanging node version
 inline virtual unsigned required_nvalue(const unsigned &n) const
  {return Initial_Nvalue[n];}

 /// Test whether the pressure dof p_dof hanging or not?
 //bool pressure_dof_is_hanging(const unsigned& p_dof)
 // {return this->node_pt(Pconv[p_dof])->is_hanging(DIM);}


 /// Pressure shape functions at local coordinate s
 inline void pshape_nst(const Vector<double> &s, Shape &psi) const;

 /// Pressure shape and test functions at local coordinte s
 inline void pshape_nst(const Vector<double> &s, Shape &psi, 
                        Shape &test) const;

 /// \short Which nodal value represents the pressure?
 unsigned p_index_nst() {return DIM;}

 /// \short Pointer to n_p-th pressure node
 //Node* pressure_node_pt(const unsigned &n_p)
 //{return this->Node_pt[Pconv[n_p]];}

 /// Return the local equation numbers for the pressure values.
 inline int p_local_eqn(const unsigned &n) const
  {return this->nodal_local_eqn(Pconv[n],DIM);}

 /// \short Access function for the pressure values at local pressure
 /// node n_p (const version)
 double p_nst(const unsigned &n_p) const
  {return this->nodal_value(Pconv[n_p],DIM);}

 /// \short Access function for the pressure values at local pressure
 /// node n_p (const version)
 double p_nst(const unsigned &t, const unsigned &n_p) const
 {return this->nodal_value(t,Pconv[n_p],DIM);}
 
 /// \short Set the value at which the pressure is stored in the nodes
 int p_nodal_index_nst() const {return static_cast<int>(DIM);}

 /// Return number of pressure values
 unsigned npres_nst() const;

 /// Pin p_dof-th pressure dof and set it to value specified by p_value.
 void fix_pressure(const unsigned &p_dof, const double &p_value)
  {
   this->node_pt(Pconv[p_dof])->pin(DIM);
   this->node_pt(Pconv[p_dof])->set_value(DIM,p_value);
  }


 /// \short Add to the set \c paired_load_data pairs containing
 /// - the pointer to a Data object
 /// and
 /// - the index of the value in that Data object
 /// .
 /// for all values (pressures, velocities) that affect the
 /// load computed in the \c get_load(...) function. 
 void identify_load_data(
  std::set<std::pair<Data*,unsigned> > &paired_load_data);

 /// \short  Add to the set \c paired_pressure_data pairs 
 /// containing
 /// - the pointer to a Data object
 /// and
 /// - the index of the value in that Data object
 /// .
 /// for all pressure values that affect the
 /// load computed in the \c get_load(...) function.
 void identify_pressure_data(
  std::set<std::pair<Data*,unsigned> > &paired_pressure_data);

 /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
 void output(std::ostream &outfile) 
  {GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(outfile);}

 /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
 void output(std::ostream &outfile, const unsigned &nplot)
  {GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(outfile,nplot);}

 /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
 void output(FILE* file_pt) 
 {GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(file_pt);}

 /// Redirect output to NavierStokesEquations output
 void output(FILE* file_pt, const unsigned &n_plot)
  {GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations<DIM>::output(file_pt,n_plot);}
 
 /// \short Order of recovery shape functions for Z2 error estimation:
 /// Same order as shape functions.
 unsigned nrecovery_order() {return 2;}
 
 /// \short Number of vertex nodes in the element
 unsigned nvertex_node() const
 {return DIM+1;}
 
 /// \short Pointer to the j-th vertex node in the element
 Node* vertex_node_pt(const unsigned& j) const
 {return node_pt(j);}
 
 
 /// Number of 'flux' terms for Z2 error estimation 
 unsigned num_Z2_flux_terms()
 {
  // DIM diagonal strain rates, DIM(DIM -1) /2 off diagonal rates
  return DIM + (DIM*(DIM-1))/2;
 }
 
 /// \short Get 'flux' for Z2 error recovery:   Upper triangular entries
 /// in strain rate tensor.
 void get_Z2_flux(const Vector<double>& s, Vector<double>& flux)
 {
#ifdef PARANOID
  unsigned num_entries=DIM+(DIM*(DIM-1))/2;
  if (flux.size() < num_entries)
   {
    std::ostringstream error_message;
    error_message << "The flux vector has the wrong number of entries, " 
                  << flux.size() << ", whereas it should be at least " 
                  << num_entries << std::endl;
    throw OomphLibError(error_message.str(),
                        OOMPH_CURRENT_FUNCTION,
                        OOMPH_EXCEPTION_LOCATION);
   }
#endif
  
  // Get strain rate matrix
  DenseMatrix<double> strainrate(DIM);
  this->strain_rate(s,strainrate);
  
  // Pack into flux Vector
  unsigned icount=0;
  
  // Start with diagonal terms
  for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
   {
    flux[icount]=strainrate(i,i);
    icount++;
   }
  
  //Off diagonals row by row
  for(unsigned i=0;i<DIM;i++)
   {
    for(unsigned j=i+1;j<DIM;j++)
     {
      flux[icount]=strainrate(i,j);
      icount++;
     }
   }
 }
 
 /// \short The number of "DOF types" that degrees of freedom in this element
 /// are sub-divided into: Velocity and pressure.
 unsigned ndof_types() const
 {
  return DIM+1;
 }
 
 /// \short Create a list of pairs for all unknowns in this element,
 /// so that the first entry in each pair contains the global equation
 /// number of the unknown, while the second one contains the number
 /// of the "DOF type" that this unknown is associated with.
 /// (Function can obviously only be called if the equation numbering
 /// scheme has been set up.) Velocity=0; Pressure=1
 void get_dof_numbers_for_unknowns(
  std::list<std::pair<unsigned long,unsigned> >& dof_lookup_list) const
  {
   // number of nodes
   unsigned n_node = this->nnode();
   
   // temporary pair (used to store dof lookup prior to being added to list)
   std::pair<unsigned,unsigned> dof_lookup;
   
   // loop over the nodes
   for (unsigned n = 0; n < n_node; n++)
    {
     // find the number of Navier Stokes values at this node
     unsigned nv = this->required_nvalue(n); 
     
     //loop over these values
     for (unsigned v = 0; v < nv; v++)
      {
       // determine local eqn number
       int local_eqn_number = this->nodal_local_eqn(n, v);
       
       // ignore pinned values - far away degrees of freedom resulting 
       // from hanging nodes can be ignored since these are be dealt
       // with by the element containing their master nodes
       if (local_eqn_number >= 0)
        {
         // store dof lookup in temporary pair: Global equation number
         // is the first entry in pair
         dof_lookup.first = this->eqn_number(local_eqn_number);
         
         // set dof numbers: Dof number is the second entry in pair
         dof_lookup.second = v;
         
         // add to list
         dof_lookup_list.push_front(dof_lookup);
        }
      }
    }
  }
};




//Inline functions

//==========================================================================
/// 2D :
/// Number of pressure values
//==========================================================================
template<>
inline unsigned GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<2>::npres_nst() const
{
 return 3;
}

//==========================================================================
/// 3D :
/// Number of pressure values
//==========================================================================
template<>
inline unsigned GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<3>::npres_nst() const
{
 return 4;
}



//==========================================================================
/// 2D :
/// Derivatives of the shape functions and test functions w.r.t to
/// global (Eulerian) coordinates. Return Jacobian of mapping between
/// local and global coordinates.
//==========================================================================
template<unsigned DIM>
inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<DIM>::
dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_nst(
 const Vector<double> &s,
 Shape &psi,
 DShape &dpsidx, Shape &test,
 DShape &dtestdx) const
{
 //Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives
 double J = this->dshape_eulerian(s,psi,dpsidx);
 //Test functions are the shape functions
 test = psi;
 dtestdx = dpsidx;
 //Return the jacobian
 return J;
}


//==========================================================================
/// Derivatives of the shape functions and test functions w.r.t to
/// global (Eulerian) coordinates. Return Jacobian of mapping between
/// local and global coordinates.
//==========================================================================
template<unsigned DIM>
inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<DIM>::
dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(
 const unsigned &ipt,Shape &psi, DShape &dpsidx, Shape &test,
 DShape &dtestdx) const
{
 //Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives
 double J = this->dshape_eulerian_at_knot(ipt,psi,dpsidx);
 //Test functions are the shape functions
 test = psi;
 dtestdx = dpsidx;
 //Return the jacobian
 return J;
}

//==========================================================================
/// 2D :
/// Pressure shape and test functions and derivs w.r.t. to Eulerian coords.
/// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
//==========================================================================
template<>
 inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<2>::
dpshape_and_dptest_eulerian_nst(
  const Vector<double> &s, 
  Shape &ppsi, 
  DShape &dppsidx, 
  Shape &ptest, 
  DShape &dptestdx) const
 {
  
  ppsi[0] = s[0];
  ppsi[1] = s[1];
  ppsi[2] = 1.0-s[0]-s[1];
  
  dppsidx(0,0)=1.0;
  dppsidx(0,1)=0.0;

  dppsidx(1,0)=0.0;
  dppsidx(1,1)=1.0;

  dppsidx(2,0)=-1.0;
  dppsidx(2,1)=-1.0;

    // Allocate memory for the inverse 2x2 jacobian
  DenseMatrix<double> inverse_jacobian(2);


  //Get the values of the shape functions and their local derivatives
  Shape psi(6);
  DShape dpsi(6,2);
  dshape_local(s,psi,dpsi);
    
  // Now calculate the inverse jacobian
  const double det = local_to_eulerian_mapping(dpsi,inverse_jacobian);
  
  // Now set the values of the derivatives to be derivs w.r.t. to the
  // Eulerian coordinates
  transform_derivatives(inverse_jacobian,dppsidx);

  //Test functions are shape functions
  ptest = ppsi;
  dptestdx = dppsidx;
  
  // Return the determinant of the jacobian
  return det;
    
 }


//==========================================================================
/// 3D :
/// Pressure shape and test functions and derivs w.r.t. to Eulerian coords.
/// Return Jacobian of mapping between local and global coordinates.
//==========================================================================
template<>
 inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<3>::
dpshape_and_dptest_eulerian_nst(
  const Vector<double> &s, 
  Shape &ppsi, 
  DShape &dppsidx, 
  Shape &ptest, 
  DShape &dptestdx) const
 {
 
  ppsi[0] = s[0];
  ppsi[1] = s[1];
  ppsi[2] = s[2];
  ppsi[3] = 1.0-s[0]-s[1]-s[2];
  
  dppsidx(0,0)=1.0;
  dppsidx(0,1)=0.0;
  dppsidx(0,2)=0.0;

  dppsidx(1,0)=0.0;
  dppsidx(1,1)=1.0;
  dppsidx(1,2)=0.0;

  dppsidx(2,0)=0.0;
  dppsidx(2,1)=0.0;
  dppsidx(2,2)=1.0;

  dppsidx(3,0)=-1.0;
  dppsidx(3,1)=-1.0;
  dppsidx(3,2)=-1.0;


  //Get the values of the shape functions and their local derivatives
  Shape psi(10);
  DShape dpsi(10,3);
  dshape_local(s,psi,dpsi);

  // Allocate memory for the inverse 3x3 jacobian
  DenseMatrix<double> inverse_jacobian(3);
  
  // Now calculate the inverse jacobian
  const double det = local_to_eulerian_mapping(dpsi,inverse_jacobian);
  
  // Now set the values of the derivatives to be derivs w.r.t. to the
  // Eulerian coordinates
  transform_derivatives(inverse_jacobian,dppsidx);

  //Test functions are shape functions
  ptest = ppsi;
  dptestdx = dppsidx;
  
  // Return the determinant of the jacobian
  return det;
    
 }



//==========================================================================
/// 2D :
/// Define the shape functions (psi) and test functions (test) and
/// their derivatives w.r.t. global coordinates (dpsidx and dtestdx)
/// and return Jacobian of mapping (J). Additionally compute the
/// derivatives of dpsidx, dtestdx and J w.r.t. nodal coordinates.
///
/// Galerkin: Test functions = shape functions
//==========================================================================
template<>
 inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<2>::
 dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(
  const unsigned &ipt, Shape &psi, DShape &dpsidx,
  RankFourTensor<double> &d_dpsidx_dX,
  Shape &test, DShape &dtestdx,
  RankFourTensor<double> &d_dtestdx_dX,
  DenseMatrix<double> &djacobian_dX) const
 {
  // Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives  
  const double J = this->dshape_eulerian_at_knot(ipt,psi,dpsidx,
                                                 djacobian_dX,
                                                 d_dpsidx_dX);

  // Loop over the test functions and derivatives and set them equal to the
  // shape functions
  for(unsigned i=0;i<6;i++)
   {
    test[i] = psi[i];

    for(unsigned k=0;k<2;k++)
     {
      dtestdx(i,k) = dpsidx(i,k);

      for(unsigned p=0;p<2;p++)
       {
        for(unsigned q=0;q<6;q++)
         {
          d_dtestdx_dX(p,q,i,k) = d_dpsidx_dX(p,q,i,k);
         }
       }
     }
   }

  // Return the jacobian
  return J;
 }


//==========================================================================
/// 3D :
/// Define the shape functions (psi) and test functions (test) and
/// their derivatives w.r.t. global coordinates (dpsidx and dtestdx)
/// and return Jacobian of mapping (J). Additionally compute the
/// derivatives of dpsidx, dtestdx and J w.r.t. nodal coordinates.
///
/// Galerkin: Test functions = shape functions
//==========================================================================
template<>
 inline double GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<3>::
 dshape_and_dtest_eulerian_at_knot_nst(
  const unsigned &ipt, Shape &psi, DShape &dpsidx,
  RankFourTensor<double> &d_dpsidx_dX,
  Shape &test, DShape &dtestdx,
  RankFourTensor<double> &d_dtestdx_dX,
  DenseMatrix<double> &djacobian_dX) const
 {
  // Call the geometrical shape functions and derivatives  
  const double J = this->dshape_eulerian_at_knot(ipt,psi,dpsidx,
                                                 djacobian_dX,
                                                 d_dpsidx_dX);
  
  // Loop over the test functions and derivatives and set them equal to the
  // shape functions
  for(unsigned i=0;i<10;i++)
   {
    test[i] = psi[i];

    for(unsigned k=0;k<3;k++)
     {
      dtestdx(i,k) = dpsidx(i,k);

      for(unsigned p=0;p<3;p++)
       {
        for(unsigned q=0;q<10;q++)
         {
          d_dtestdx_dX(p,q,i,k) = d_dpsidx_dX(p,q,i,k);
         }
       }
     }
   }

  // Return the jacobian
  return J;
 }



//==========================================================================
/// 2D :
/// Pressure shape functions
//==========================================================================
template<>
inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<2>::
pshape_nst(const Vector<double> &s, Shape &psi)
const
{
 psi[0] = s[0];
 psi[1] = s[1];
 psi[2] = 1.0-s[0]-s[1];
}

//==========================================================================
/// 3D :
/// Pressure shape functions
//==========================================================================
template<>
inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<3>::
pshape_nst(const Vector<double> &s, Shape &psi)
const
{
 psi[0] = s[0];
 psi[1] = s[1];
 psi[2] = s[2];
 psi[3] = 1.0-s[0]-s[1]-s[2];
}


//==========================================================================
/// Pressure shape and test functions
//==========================================================================
template<unsigned DIM>
inline void GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<DIM>::
pshape_nst(const Vector<double> &s, 
           Shape &psi,
           Shape &test) const
{
 //Call the pressure shape functions
 this->pshape_nst(s,psi);
 //Test functions are shape functions
 test = psi;
}


//=======================================================================
/// Face geometry of the 2D Taylor_Hood elements
//=======================================================================
template<>
class FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<2> >: 
public virtual TElement<1,3>
{
  public:

  /// Constructor: Call constructor of base
  FaceGeometry() : TElement<1,3>() {}
};



//=======================================================================
/// Face geometry of the 3D Taylor_Hood elements
//=======================================================================
template<>
class FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<3> >: 
public virtual TElement<2,3>
{
 
  public:

 /// Constructor: Call constructor of base
  FaceGeometry() : TElement<2,3>() {}
};



//=======================================================================
/// Face geometry of the FaceGeometry of the 2D TaylorHood elements
//=======================================================================
template<>
class FaceGeometry<FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<2> > >: 
public virtual PointElement
{
  public:
 FaceGeometry() : PointElement() {}
};


//=======================================================================
/// Face geometry of the FaceGeometry of the 3D Crouzeix_Raviart elements
//=======================================================================
template<>
class FaceGeometry<FaceGeometry<GeneralisedNewtonianTTaylorHoodElement<3> > >: 
public virtual TElement<1,3>
{
  public:
 FaceGeometry() : TElement<1,3>() {}
};


}

#endif